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Epigenomics |
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If You Can Hear This Symphony Live It
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Epigenomics: Epigenetics: Epigenesis: The
Humanion's Newest Section: Epigenomics or
Human Epigenomics or, what The Humanion
called Epigenesis in a piece published in
Molecular Biology, on || ‽: 191116 || is the
youngest branch of science, that has been
developing with intriguing new findings and
openings, that we did not know much about.
Like any other branches of science, work
began here and there and findings began to
emerge and published, followed by more works
and wider awareness, interest and quest to
learn more, all over the learning world,
universities and research institutions. We
have 'enough' learning built up to begin a
new discipline of specialist study,
learning, research and innovation, to call
it a subject and it is a subject for in this
lies another universe about which we knew,
almost, nothing, not very long ago and all
to find out about this all-new universe. In
each 'entity': there are very many
'existent-realities': there is the Universe
reality, the whole reality, the large
reality, the inner reality, the outer
reality and in that inner reality there are
micro, macro and partial views and atomic,
cellular, molecular, bio-chemico-mechanical,
bio-electrical, bio-engineering,
bio-synthetic and electromagnetic,
anatomical, physiological, genetical,
neurological, physical, chemical,
pharmaceutical, mathematical, philosophical,
jurisprudential, nano and, what The
Humanion, calls, nano-seismic; but these are
not all the views. Science will forever
advance because there are, almost, endless
number of these views and the more we look
the more we shall learn. Epigenomics or
Epigenetics or Epigenesis opened a news
space and now it is time we gather our
resources of light and shine and go about
elucidating the workings and goings on in
this space, Epigenomics. This is why The
Humanion has started this new section,
Epigenomics to carry on publishing works in
this young field: The Humanion: March 06:
2018 |
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Turtle Study
Shows Hearts
Can Be
Epigenetically
Programmed
to Survive
Without
Oxygen |
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|| Friday: July 12:
2019: University of
Manchester News ||
ά. University of
Manchester and
University of North
Texas scientists are
the first to show
that an embryonic
living heart can be
programmed to
survive the effects
of a low-oxygen
environment in later
life. This Sudy of
juvenile Common
Snapping Turtles
explains, for the
first time, the
heart’s biological
mechanisms, which
help Turtles to,
uniquely, survive up
to six months
without oxygen.
And according to the
research team, it’s
the exposure to low
levels of oxygen
during embryonic
development, which
programmes the
animals’ hearts to
be more resilient to
what is known as
hypoxia for the rest
of their lives. The
Study, led by Dr
Ilan Ruhr and Dr
Gina Galli from the
University of
Manchester could,
one day, be
translated into
treatments, which
alleviate damage to
the heart, caused by
hypoxia. It is
published in the
journal Proceedings
of the Royal Society
B.
Hypoxia occurs
during a heart
attack and can,
also, damage a heart
during transplant
surgery. According
to the researchers,
exposure to hypoxia
during development
causes epigenetic
changes to the
genome, that can
turn genes on or
off, which are key
to the remarkable
ability of the
turtle heart cells
to tolerate zero
oxygen.
“Turtles are
incredible
creatures, that can
uniquely survive for
long periods of time
under ice or at
depths where there
is little oxygen.”
said Dr Ilan Ruhr,
who is a
post-doctoral
researcher at the
University of
Manchester.
“We’re excited to be
the first to show
that it is possible
to change the degree
of tolerance, that
turtles have for low
oxygen environments
by early exposure to
hypoxia during
development. Now we
hope to isolate
those epigenetic
signatures, which
help turtles to
survive for so long
without oxygen with
a hope to developing
epigenetic drugs,
that can switch on
tolerance to low
oxygen environments
in human hearts.”
The researchers are
studying heart,
rather than other
organs in the body,
as it is one of the
organs most at risk
of damage from
hypoxia. They
isolated heart
muscle cells from
juvenile turtles,
which lived as
embryos in either
normal levels of
Oxygen, at 21% O2
or, half the levels
of Oxygen, 10%.
The procedure
mimicked what
happens in nature:
eggs at the bottom
of turtles’ nests
are more exposed to
hypoxia. And they
subjected the
juvenile turtles to
lower levels of
oxygen while
measuring
intracellular
Calcium, which binds
to the contractile
proteins of the
heart, known as, the
myofilaments, pH and
reactive oxygen
species, a molecule
we all have, which
can become toxic
when tissue
re-oxygenates too
quickly.
Dr Gina Galli from
the University of
Manchester said,
“Heart cells in
turtles and humans
are anatomically
quite similar, so,
if, we can learn to
understand what
factors allow them
to survive in an
oxygen free
environment, we’d
hope to be able to
apply that to a
medical scenario.
Our Study showed
that early exposure
to hypoxia in these
animals both reduces
the amount of
Reactive Oxygen
Species, that could
protect their
myofilaments from
damage and allows
them to contract
normally in the
complete absence of
O2.
“A drug, which is
able to switch on
mechanisms to
protect the human
heart from Oxygen
deprivation would be
of enormous benefit.
It could, for
example, protect
individuals at risk
of heart attack or
protect organs for
transplantation.”
The Paper:
Developmental
plasticity of
cardiac
anoxia-tolerance in
juvenile common
snapping turtles:
Chelydra Serpentina:
is published in
Proceedings of the
Royal Society
B.:::ω.
||
Readmore ||
130719 ||
Up ||
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Child’s Risk
of Obesity
Is
Influenced
by
Epigenetic
Modifications |
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|| February 21: 2019: University of Southampton News || ά. A child’s
risk of obesity as it grows up can be influenced by modifications to
DNA prior to birth, a new University of Southampton Study has shown.
These changes, known as, epigenetic modifications, control the
activity of the genes without changing the actual DNA sequence. One
of the main epigenetic modifications is DNA methylation, which plays
a key role in the development of the embryo and the formation of
different cell types, regulating when and where genes are switched
on.
DNA methylation can be affected by a range of environmental factors,
such as, parental health, diet and lifestyle. Researchers from the
University of Southampton, as part of the EpiGen Global Consortium,
analysed the levels of DNA methylation at the SLC6A4 gene, which is
an important mediator in serotonin levels in the body and has been
implicated in mood and appetite regulation. The samples taken were
umbilical cord tissue of babies, born in the Southampton Women’s
Survey at birth and compared with the amount of fat tissue in the
child at four and six years of age.
The researchers found that lower DNA methylation levels at the
SLC6A4 gene at birth was associated with a higher fat mass at six to
seven years of age. Each unit lower SLC6A4 methylation at birth was
associated with a seven per cent higher child’s fat mass at age six
years. The research team compared the results to the mother’s health
during pregnancy and found that higher weight gain during pregnancy
and a lower number of previous births was associated with lower
SLC6A4 DNA methylation.
Co-lead Author of the Paper, Ms Karen Lillycrop, from the University
of Southampton, said, “Our results add to the growing evidence that
epigenetic changes, detectable at birth, are linked to a child’s
health as they grow up. Additionally, it, also, strengthens the body
of evidence, that shows a mother’s health during pregnancy can
affect the future health of her child. It could allow us to, more
accurately, predict the future risk of obesity.”
The results, published in the International Journal of Obesity were
replicated in other groups of children and adults, notably, the
Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort Study and the UK BIOCLAIMS
cohort. This latest Southampton Study is another example of how the
health of parents before and during pregnancy can affect the health
of their future baby.
Ms Emma Garratt, Co-lead Author of the Paper, from the University of
Southampton, said, “These results offer more evidence and more
opportunity to allow us to develop strategies and interventions in
early life, that could reduce childhood obesity rates.”
Professor Keith Godfrey, a member of the research team and the
Director of the EpiGen Global Consortium, said, “The new findings
strengthen the case that primary prevention of childhood obesity
needs to begin before birth and, might, ‘reset’ appetite levels in
ways, that protect infants and children from putting on excessive
weight.
Ongoing research is examining whether diet and lifestyle
interventions before and during pregnancy, might be, able to tackle
and, even, reverse the childhood obesity epidemic.”:::ω.
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Readmore || 220219 || Up ||
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