Universana Arkive Year Beta

Hubble Delivers the First Hints of Possible Water Content of TRAPPIST-One Planets   Image: ESO:N. Bartmann:spaceengine.org

 

|| September 01: 2017: University of Birmingham News || ά.

An international team of astronomers have used the NASA:ESA Hubble Space Telescope to estimate whether there might be water on the seven earth-sized planets orbiting the nearby dwarf star TRAPPIST-One and the results suggest that the outer planets of the system might still harbour substantial amounts of water. This includes the three planets within the habitable zone of the star, lending further weight to the possibility that they, may, indeed, be habitable. On February 22, 2017 astronomers announced the discovery of seven Earth-sized planets orbiting the ultra-cool dwarf star TRAPPIST-One, 40 light-years away. This makes TRAPPIST-One the planetary system with the largest number of Earth-sized planets discovered so far.

Following up on the discovery, an international team of scientists, led by the Swiss Astronomer Mr Vincent Bourrier, from the Observatoire de l’Université de Genève, including, Dr Amaury Triaud of the University of Birmingham, used the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph:STIS on the NASA:ESA Hubble Space Telescope to study the amount of ultraviolet radiation received by the individual planets of the system. “Ultraviolet radiation is an important factor in the atmospheric evolution of planets.” explains Mr Bourrier. “As in our own atmosphere, where ultraviolet sunlight breaks molecules apart, ultraviolet starlight can break water vapour in the atmospheres of exoplanets into hydrogen and oxygen.”

While lower-energy ultraviolet radiation breaks up water molecules, a process, called, photodissociation, ultraviolet rays with more energy, XUV radiation and X-rays heat the upper atmosphere of a planet, which allows the products of photodissociation, hydrogen and oxygen, to escape. As it is very light, hydrogen gas can escape the exoplanets’ atmospheres and be detected around the exoplanets with Hubble, acting as a possible indicator of atmospheric water vapour.

This part of an atmosphere is called the exosphere. Earth’s exosphere consists mainly of hydrogen with traces of helium, carbon dioxide and atomic oxygen. The observed amount of ultraviolet radiation emitted by TRAPPIST-One, indeed, suggests that the planets could have lost gigantic amounts of water over the course of their history.

This is, especially, true for the innermost two planets of the system, TRAPPIST-One-b and TRAPPIST-One-c, which receive the largest amount of ultraviolet energy. “Our results indicate that atmospheric escape, may, play an important role in the evolution of these planets.” summarises Mr Julien de Wit, from MIT, USA, Co-author of the study.

The inner planets could have lost more than 20 Earth-oceans-worth of water during the last eight billion years. However, the outer planets of the system, including, the planets e, f and g, which are in the habitable zone, should have lost much less water, suggesting that they could have retained some on their surfaces. Results show that each of these planets, may have, lost less than three Earth-oceans of water.

The calculated water loss rates, as well as, geophysical water release rates, also, favour the idea that the outermost, more massive planets retain their water. However, with the currently available data and telescopes no final conclusion can be drawn on the water content of the planets orbiting TRAPPIST-One.

Dr Amaury Triaud, from the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Birmingham said, “Hubble’s observations are of great significance, since they inform us on the irradiative environment of the TRAPPIST-One planets, notably, on whether they can remain habitable for billions of years, like Earth has. However, some of our conclusions about the habitability of TRAPPIST-One’s seven are somewhat dampened by our fuzzy knowledge about the masses of the planets. Crucial observations, able to refine the planetary masses, are being obtained as we write.''

The Paper: Temporal Evolution of the High-Energy Irradiation and Water Content of TRAPPIST-1 Exoplanets: V. Bourrier, J. de Wit, E. Bolmont, V. Stamenkovic, P.J. Wheatley, A.J Burgasser, L. Delrez, B.-O. Demory, D. Ehrenreich, M. Gillon, E. Jehin, J. Leconte, S.M. Lederer, N. Lewis, A.H.M.J. Triaud and V. Van Grootel: Draft version July 31, 2017

The planets were discovered using: the ground-based TRAPPIST-South at ESO’s La Silla Observatory in Chile; the orbiting NASA Spitzer Space Telescope; TRAPPIST-North in Morocco; ESO’s HAWK-I instrument on the Very Large Telescope at the Paranal Observatory in Chile; the 03.8-metre UKIRT in Hawaii; the two-metre Liverpool and four-metre William Herschel telescopes at La Palma in the Canary Islands; and the one-metre SAAO telescope in South Africa. ω.

 

Whatever Your Field of Work and Wherever in the World You are, Please, Make a Choice to Do All You Can to Seek and Demand the End of Death Penalty For It is Your Business What is Done in Your Name. The Law That Makes Humans Take Part in Taking Human Lives and That Permits and Kills Human Lives is No Law. It is the Rule of the Jungle Where Law Does Not Exist. The Humanion

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La Casa Bianca: The White House the Light Painted Inside a Water Drop

 

The inset image, is painted by light inside a water drop. May Day 2017

‽: 030517

 

 

Imagine The Ideaphorine Cosmosian University: At Lunaarth Median Meridian: The Mid-Space Between the Earth and the Moon

 

|| April 17: 2017 || ά. Imagine a new University: The Ideaphorine Cosmosian University, established in space, at the mid-space, let us call it, Lunaarth Median Meridian, between the Earth and the Moon. This University is created, set up, established and run by a Universal University Consortium, made by the membership of all the Universities of the entire world, which can be seen as the United Nations of World Universities. The Humanion imagines the entire world's Universities, supported by the entire world nations, high income, mid income, low income, all income countries, through the United Nations, forming this Universal University Consortium of Humanity, which will begin developing the Idea, Science, Engineering, Architecture, Mechanics and Architectonics of Setting up the first Ideaphorine Cosmosian University, from where it will open up science to possibilities, that we cannot even fathom out with imagination.

We envision that this can happen in the next half a century. Yes, within this short space of time, it can, will happen and must happen. Reader, everything comes off this astonishing thing, called, imagination. If you do not have faith in this, The Humanion invites you to write this introduction on a piece of paper, with the date, on which this is written, put it in an envelope, seal it and then place it in another envelope and put a note with it, explaining what is in the envelope and then, post it to a world University, to its Chancellor, requesting that they keep this letter in their archives until such time that any researcher comes looking for it and then people can see that on April 17, 2017 The Humanion had written about this University, The Ideaphorine Cosmosian University, which now has become a reality. Ideaphorine, is derived from the word Ideaphor, which is the title of a poetry collection, written by the Editor of The Humanion and it was first published in 2010. Seven years later, this word Ideaphor becomes Idearphorine. This is how imagination it is, that becomes, this is how we humanity become. We never do or can see the future as a whole other than glances, traces, flickers, ideas, concepts, imaginings, wonderings, questions, searching and seeking, dreams and day dreams, hopes and aspirations and visions but we can feel it being there in the depth of what is our imagination.

The amount of research, that is carried out a the International Space Station is not enough and it is terribly limited in scope and in fields. Besides, the ISS is situated too close to earth and there are very many limitations, that exist, that put terrible shortcomings on the way as to how far and how much the ISS can be developed to accommodate more facilities and provisions. Further the ISS is not a global learning body and does not enjoy financial and other resource-backing of the entire humankind. Furthermore, ISS is still mainly a major collaboration among only few national agencies, led by the American and Russian space agencies. What The Humanion is speaking about is a truly universal project. But it is not led by governments, states or existing agencies but built, created, owned and led by the learning communities of the World and this project, this, The Ideaphorine Cosmosian University, is truly a whole humankind thing and is owned by the entire humanity and is a public body of a new and universal kind. In addition to working as a University and learning and research institution, The Ideaphorine Cosmosian University will become the mid-break point for the future and frequent space travels between the earth and the moon.

The World Universities could raise funding for it, in addition to the initial funding investment they will make to the project, added to the fixed and continual funding commitments and investments from the entire world countries, through many existing routes, including the selling of a $01 share to all existing university staff members, all students and all the families, whose children are attending Universities and this market, means the entire world, for which the UN must pass a particular resolution to create such a particular pathway for this project only so that it does not fall in the scope of national jurisdictions. This project must not seek private funding nor should it take any other funding from any other agency for it is absolutely fundamental and paramount to ensure universities remain independent bodies. But as a good will gift, this University can and may expect support in kind from all space agencies of the world, in which they may 'sponsor, specialists at the University, whereby, they will pay for these posts, which are already filled by their own specialists, whom they then 'donate' to the University. And the University can create a flow of revenue by marketing all its knowledge and science and technology by offering them to the entire world governments, agencies, bodies and business and commerce as the source-learning agency from a space in the Universe, where no one has been before.

In addition to this funding, this University will create an Online Universocial Research Platform, which would be the online publishing and research publication and communication tool, to which people, both agencies and individuals, can join and pay an introductory annual fee of, say, $10:$01 respectively, simply to ascertain who they are so that there is no anonymity in who is using this service. Because it is an absolutely professional space as a University Institute, where respectability, credibility, cordiality, good faith and professionalism must be maintained. It is like this, when researchers publish their findings, a professor stands before a conference or a lecturer stands before a class, or a consultant faces a patient on the operating table, they cannot hide the fact as to who they are, what their names are, what their credentials are and what their academic qualifications are, for example. That is why is a paramount that, when one is using this Online Universocial Research Platform, anonymity is erased simply to bring back the 'rule of law' of learning in the online culture. This offers the entire learning world a direct means to learn, use, share, translate and translocate best practice and contribute to the learning process and culture. Further, this means could generate much revenue, through using various means added to it. Furthermore, on this channel the University can broadcast a direct television channel from the Cosmic Campus, direct to Earth, for which it may charge a subscription fee as a different, stand alone service, which can be a different and new television channel for the entire world, which can be a subscription service, as well.

Further, once the idea has been developed and a master plan with the architectural design has been worked out and the project goes forward towards the beginning of the real construction of the project, world universities can begin to plan courses and prepare themselves so that many courses can be offered on Earth where students, teachers and researchers will spend part of their studies at the Cosmosian Campus of The Ideaphorine Cosmosian University in Space. It is hypothetically possible to prepare any human to be able to fly and spend time in the near space we are speaking of, particularly, for a brief space of time and as time passes our knowledge and understanding of these matters will improve and we can do better in terms of preparing people for such experiences as to be able to fly, spend time and do study and research and come back to earth safely and in good health.

And in this sustainability and being able to produce food and drink  and use recycling to the best possible effect and achieving the mastery over the solar energy are vital elements and, this will require further developing means, mechanics, science, mathematics and technology, that will enable us to be able to 'reject', 'push away' or 'resist', 'cold advance' from space so that the University is able to maintain a particular level of generalised heat and temperature, within its perimeter, that the colder space environment cannot penetrate. It is hypothetically possible to create a 'buffer zone', that will act as 'cold-shield', so that, say, an imaginary and hypothetical magnetic field acts almost like a weather-shield, around the perimeter of the University Campus, which resists the outer cold to penetrate. This will allow the University to use its space as it could be done on earth, particularly, in terms of growing vegetation and creating earth-like working and operating space. This will truly offer humanity a vehicle to go outside of itself. Let us put this to our readers: how do we or how can we see the earth as whole, in reality? The answer is that we must leave the Earth and take position in space outside the earth. Until humanity, in as great a number as possible, has left the earth and lived outside the earth and come back to see the tale of life and tell the tale of life the way they lived it in space and the way they saw it on earth, from space, to the earthlings, we are not going to be able to show humanity how and what it is.

Until than, we are going to continue to fall far, far, far short of what we are capable of being, doing, creating and achieving for who is human on this Earth: we are all things except humanity so that, despite our multitude of suffering and hardships people are still living in 'blockades' of their so called national boundaries and identities and these identities are so many and are such that following them we will be everything else except one humanity. We must rise to raise humanity to see, to realise, to choose to work to become one for we are one except not many people are able to say we are so because we are all different nations and this and that. Yet, we are and we must become one humanity in order really see what we, as one humanity, as one whole of the entire humanion, can be, do, create and achieve. There is just one Universe, in which there is just the one Sun and Solar System, that does and can support and sustain one web of life, and in there, there is just the one and only one, the Mother Earth and on which, there is and there cannot be but one Humanity: one in faith, one in oneness, one in diversity, one in work and deeds and one is love and humanionship. One Humanity in One Earth in One with the One Universe: Our Universana Country. ω.

Whatever Your Field of Work and Wherever in the World You are, Please, Make a Choice to Do All You Can to Seek and Demand the End of Death Penalty For It is Your Business What is Done in Your Name. The Law That Makes Humans Take Part in Taking Human Lives and That Permits and Kills Human Lives is No Law. It is the Rule of the Jungle Where Law Does Not Exist. The Humanion

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Advanced Statistics Offers Better Mechanism to Develop Medicine to Fight Multidrug Resistant Bacteria

Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacterium. Image: NIAID at flickr, released under Creative Commons BY 2.0

|| April 15: 2017: University of Oslo Norway News  || ά. Researchers have found a new method to develop antibiotics, that are tailored to kill multi-resistant bacteria. World Health Organisation has recently set up multi-resistant bacteria as one of the worst threats to humanity. Researchers worldwide are working to find new solutions on what to do when the medications we know today don't work anymore. Researchers at the Institute of Basic of Medical Sciences at the University of Oslo, may, have solved the problem by using statistics to tailor new medicines.

Large datasets, containing the entire genomes of many of the most well known pathogenic bacteria, make it possible to study variations throughout the genome as a whole. This gives researchers new opportunities to study how bacteria evolve but the amount of information, that must be processed is enormous. Professor Jukka Corander's research group has developed a statistical method, that makes it possible to examine all the possible mutations, that may, occur, as a whole. The new method calculates the strength of connections between all different mutations as they occur naturally. Corander explains this by comparing it with a lottery. ''You can imagine that each mutation is the result of a lottery and that, to survive, you have to win hundreds of thousands of lotteries in a series.

 

The new method estimates all possible outcomes of all these lotteries and predicts the winning outcome. Furthermore, it figures out the relationships between all the winning tickets of all the lotteries.'' says Professor Corander. The amount of outcomes and relationships that must be estimated is several times larger than the number of people on earth.

When they tested the method on two of the world's largest collections of bacterial genomes from major human pathogens they discovered a whole range of relationships between different antibiotic-resistance genes and between different basic functions in the bacterial cells. They hope that this will make it possible to tailor precision drugs, that can reduce the problem of the spreading resistant bacteria.

The breakthrough came at the Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology:OCBE in collaboration with the Sanger Institute in England and was published in PLoS Genetics earlier this month. In their study genomes from pneumococcal and streptococcal bacteria were analysed with the new statistical model that Professor Corander's research group has developed. The model can show the limitations of all mutations, that can occur in any given genome of bacteria, just as it occurs naturally in the population.

The method has already discovered a whole range of previously unknown interactions between mutations in these bacteria. By combining this new information with molecular medicine, scientists could now identify specific molecular compositions, that attack these bacteria and exploit these mutations to destroy their ability to reproduce themselves.

Today many of the antibiotics we use targets generic groups of bacteria or all bacteria, at the same time, causing a number of unwanted side effects. Since the mutation interaction effects found are mostly specific to just the considered bacterial species, only these bacteria will be affected by any medication developed using such an approach. This way a new antibiotic based on this technology would unlikely affect other bacteria, which acts as a barrier to development and spread of resistance. ω.

Professor Jukka Corander Department of Biostatistics Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology

The Paper: Interacting networks of resistance, virulence and core machinery genes identified by genome-wide epistasis analysis

Whatever Your Field of Work and Wherever in the World You are, Please, Make a Choice to Do All You Can to Seek and Demand the End of Death Penalty For It is Your Business What is Done in Your Name. The Law That Makes Humans Take Part in Taking Human Lives and That Permits and Kills Human Lives is No Law. It is the Rule of the Jungle Where Law Does Not Exist. The Humanion

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Newaarth in the Far-Flung Corner of Universana: Facing Double-Star-Bright Will You Hold Green: Will You Hold Blue: Will You Hold the Rises and Falls of Flowing Water Composing Life's Weatherine-Heights

 

This artist's concept shows a hypothetical planet covered in water around the binary star system of Kepler-35A and B. Image: NASA:JPL-Caltech

 

|| April 13: 2017: Elizabeth Landau Writing || ά. With two suns in its sky, Luke Skywalker's home planet Tatooine in 'Star Wars' looks like a parched, sandy desert world. In real life, because of NASA's Kepler space telescope, we know that two-star systems can indeed support planets, although planets discovered so far around double-star systems are large and gaseous. Scientists wondered, if an Earth-size planet were orbiting two suns, could it support life?

It turns out, such a planet could be quite hospitable if located at the right distance from its two stars and wouldn't necessarily even have deserts. In a particular range of distances from two sun-like host stars, a planet covered in water would remain habitable and retain its water for a long time, according to a new study in the journal Nature Communications.

"This means that double-star systems of the type studied here are excellent candidates to host habitable planets, despite the large variations in the amount of starlight hypothetical planets in such a system would receive." said Max Popp, Associate Research Scholar at Princeton University in New Jersey and the Max Planck Institute of Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany.

Popp and Siegfried Eggl, a Caltech postdoctoral scholar at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, created a model for a planet in the Kepler-35 system. In reality, the stellar pair Kepler-35A and B host a planet called Kepler-35b, a giant planet about eight times the size of Earth, with an orbit of 131.5 Earth days. For their study, researchers neglected the gravitational influence of this planet and added a hypothetical water-covered, Earth-size planet around the Kepler-35 A and B stars. They examined how this planet’s climate would behave as it orbited the host stars with periods between 341 and 380 days.

"Our research is motivated by the fact that searching for potentially habitable planets requires a lot of effort, so it is good to know in advance where to look." Eggl said. "We show that it's worth targeting double-star systems."

In exoplanet research, scientists speak of a region called the "habitable zone," the range of distances around a star where a terrestrial planet is most likely to have liquid water on its surface. In this case, because two stars are orbiting each other, the habitable zone depends on the distance from the centre of mass that both stars are orbiting. To make things even more complicated, a planet around two stars would not travel in a circle; instead, its orbit would wobble through the gravitational interaction with the two stars.

Popp and Eggl found that on the far edge of the habitable zone in the Kepler-35 double-star system, the hypothetical water-covered planet would have a lot of variation in its surface temperatures. Because such a cold planet would have only a small amount of water vapor in its atmosphere, global average surface temperatures would swing up and down by as much as 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit, two degrees Celsius in the course of a year.

"This is analogous to how on Earth, in arid climates like deserts, we experience huge temperature variations from day to night." Eggl said. "The amount of water in the air makes a big difference."

But, closer to the stars, near the inner edge of the habitable zone, the global average surface temperatures on the same planet stay almost constant. That is because more water vapor would be able to persist in the atmosphere of the hypothetical planet and act as a buffer to keep surface conditions comfortable.

As with single-star systems, a planet beyond the outer edge of the habitable zone of its two suns would eventually end up in a so-called "snowball" state, completely covered with ice. Closer than the inner edge of the habitable zone, an atmosphere would insulate the planet too much, creating a runaway greenhouse effect and turning the planet into a Venus-like world inhospitable to life as we know it.

Another feature of the study's climate model is that, compared to Earth, a water-covered planet around two stars would have less cloud coverage. That would mean clearer skies for viewing double sunsets on these exotic worlds.

Elizabeth Landau: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA: 818-354-6425: elizabeth.landau at jpl.nasa.gov

: Editor: Tony Greicius: NASA: ω.

Whatever Your Field of Work and Wherever in the World You are, Please, Make a Choice to Do All You Can to Seek and Demand the End of Death Penalty For It is Your Business What is Done in Your Name. The Law That Makes Humans Take Part in Taking Human Lives and That Permits and Kills Human Lives is No Law. It is the Rule of the Jungle Where Law Does Not Exist. The Humanion

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Professor Nadine Barlow: Speaking of Universana the Way We Speak of the Village, Town or Place We Were Born and Where We Grew up and Where We Went to School, College, University So That Universana is Not a Hypothetical Place Some Non-Existent Out There: Universana It is Where We Live and It is as Real as La Jolla California or Alexandria in Egypt: This is Our Country Where Professor Barlow Seeks to Find Grains of Light About Things That Will Enhance Our Grasp of Understanding of Life

Image: Professor Nadine Barlow

 

|| April 09: 2017 || ά. Professor Nadine Barlow, teaches at the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the Northern Arizona University. She received the 2002 University Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching Award while at the University of Central Florida. At Northern Arizona University she teaches both undergraduate and graduate courses in astronomy. Currently she is on sabbatical for the academic year 2016-2017. She speaks of her research interests: My research focuses on impact craters and what they can tell us about the distribution of subsurface water and:or ice reservoirs. I have compiled the premier resource on information about martian impact craters larger than five km in diameter for the entire planet in the Catalog of Large Martian Impact Craters. I am a founding member and current chair of the Planetary Crater Consortium, an international organisation of scientists interested in impact craters throughout the solar system.

Other research topics that I am currently pursuing include crater size-frequency distribution analysis of selected areas of Mars to determine age relationships, analysis of secondary crater production on the Moon and Mars, developing a new crater database for the Moon, studying central pit craters throughout the solar system, investigating the role of surficial and subsurface volatiles in Arabia Terra, Mars, determination of the characteristics and formation of an unusual type of Martian crater called Low-Aspect-Ratio Layered Ejecta:LARLE craters, studying the two different types of double layer ejecta craters on Mars, helping to determine the characteristics of pristine impact craters, and investigating whether Mercury's lobate scarps are still forming. I received the NAU Research and Creative Activity Award for Most Effective Research Mentor in 2011 for my mentorship of students on research projects and was named a Most Influential Faculty for my mentorship of Gold Axe Recipient Margaret Landis during the spring 2013 semester and Nicholas Kutsop during the fall 2013 semester.

I was born in La Jolla, CA and grew up about 40 miles north of San Diego in San Marcos, which at that time was a small rural community. Today it's one of the fastest growing cities in the country. I became interested in astronomy during a fifth grade field trip to the Palomar College Planetarium and my Dad gave me my first telescope a year later. I, also, gained an appreciation for geology during our annual family vacations, when we would travel across the country by car and stop off at many of the national parks and monuments. Because of these interests, I majored in astronomy and minored in geology:chemistry at Palomar Community College, San Marcos, CA and later at the University of Arizona, Tucson.

During my last semester at UA, I took a planetary geology course and fell in love with the subject since it combined my interests in astronomy and geology. I took 20 months off after receiving my Bachelor of Science degree in Astronomy, during which time, I taught astronomy and assisted with planetarium shows at Palomar College but then went back to UA to pursue the graduate programme in Planetary Science. It was during graduate school that I became involved in research on martian impact craters.

After I received my PhD, I moved to Houston, Texas, for a post-doctoral position at the Lunar and Planetary Institute followed by a National Academy of Sciences National Research Council Assistantship at NASA Johnson Space Centre. I, also, taught astronomy and planetary geology courses part-time at the University of Houston Clear Lake:UHCL. I realised that I enjoyed both teaching and research and decided to pursue an academic position at a University where I could combine the two pursuits. After my post-doctoral positions ended, I moved to Orlando, Florida, where I started the astronomy programme at the University of Central Florida:UCF and served as the first director of the UCF Robinson Observatory.

I spent 06.5 years in Orlando but grew homesick for the spectacular geology and dark night-time skies of the west. In 2002 I accepted an assistant professor position at Northern Arizona University:NAU, so my two cats and I packed up and moved to Flagstaff that August. I received tenure at NAU in 2006 and was promoted to Professor in 2012. I am currently the Director of the NAU:NASA Space Grant Programme and an Associate Director of the Arizona Space Grant Consortium. I became Associate Chair of the NAU Department of Physics and Astronomy in Fall 2010. In my free time, I enjoy hiking, watching movies, baseball. I’m an Angels fan from way back but also cheer on the Diamondbacks, working on my yard, baking, reading, science, history, archaeology, nature, some science fiction, some fantasy, such as Harry Potter and the Mists of Avalon series and mysteries and getting together with friends. I am grateful that I get the opportunity to travel all over the world for both business and pleasure, experiencing other cultures, learning the history of other places and admiring nature’s beauty around the world make me appreciate all that our home planet has to offer.

Where are you from: I grew up in San Marcos, Calif., which is about 40 miles north of San Diego. I currently live in Flagstaff, Ariz.

Describe the first time you made a personal connection with outer space: When I was in the fifth grade my class took a field trip to the Palomar College Planetarium where we attended a planetarium show. During the course of the show the presenter announced that a new moon had just been discovered around Saturn. He went on to tell us that this was the first new moon to be discovered in the solar system in over 20 years. I was amazed by this fact, this was the first time that I realised that science was not just a bunch of stale old facts and figures from a textbook, but that science was in fact an active field where new discoveries were still being made by scientists.

How did you end up working in the space programme: I majored in astronomy with a joint minor in geology and chemistry as an undergraduate student, Palomar Community College and the University of Arizona in Tucson. During my last semester at the University of Arizona I took a planetary geology course and fell in love with the subject since it combined my strong interest in all the sciences, but especially astronomy and geology. I then decided to pursue a Ph.D. in planetary science, also, at the University of Arizona in Tucson and began conducting research for my dissertation. Since that time, I have continued my research pursuits. Currently, my research, funded by NASA, focuses on utilising spacecraft images of other planetary surfaces and what the impact craters we see throughout the solar system can tell us about the formation ages of surface features and the near-surface structure of these bodies (especially the presence/absence of buried water/ice reservoirs).

What is a Professor: I am currently a professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Northern Arizona University. I, also, serve as associate department chair and director of the NAU:NASA Space Grant Programme. A professor teaches at the college:university level. Typically, you need a Ph.D. in your specialty in order to reach the rank of a professor, and particularly to work at the university level. How do you become a professor at the university level? You start out being hired as an assistant professor. In this role you must demonstrate your teaching and research abilities, as well as serve your institution and professional community. Assistant professors do not have job security, i.e., the institution can let an assistant professor go at any time. So, after six years of being an assistant professor you put together a packet describing everything you have done and accomplished in order to apply for promotion with tenure. Tenure means you have job security, the institution cannot remove you unless you do something really bad. If you are approved, you become an associate professor. After another six years of demonstrating your teaching, research and service abilities, you can then apply for promotion to the top level of professorship, which is 'full professor'. As a full professor you are one of the senior members of your institution.

Tell us about a favourite moment so far in your career: My favourite moments have to do with my research. I particularly, enjoy it when I complete the data collection stage of a research project and then begin analyzing the data. Seeing the results of my efforts for the first time is always exciting! For example, much of my work looks for regional trends in the distribution of crater features indicating excavation into subsurface ice reservoirs. Being able to narrow down the depths and horizontal extent of such buried ice deposits which may serve as the water source for future human exploration of Mars is really thrilling!

Who inspired you: Lots of people have inspired me over the years. Carl Sagan's books and his 'Cosmos' TV programme showed me that people can actually make a living doing what interested me. On a personal level, my dad always strongly encouraged my interest in astronomy, as did my high school science teacher Steve Drew, my community college astronomy instructor, Jim Pesavento, my Ph.D. advisor Bob Strom and many of my friends and colleagues. I became interested in Mars due to the first spacecraft images of the planet sent back by the Mariner missions. I continue to be inspired by new results from the various spacecraft missions throughout our solar system.

What advice would you give to someone who wants to take the same career path as you: Don't limit your classes to only what you are interested in, take courses in other areas of science in order to broaden your knowledge base. Take advantage of any opportunities presented to you, you never know how that bit of experience will help you in the future. Do you want to teach at the university level? Universities are looking to hire people with prior teaching experience, something beyond being a teaching assistant for labs in college. If you don't have that experience, check around at the local community colleges or other colleges:universities in your area and see if they have an opening for an adjunct instructor in science or math. And learn how to 'sell yourself'. When you apply for any job you should succinctly highlight your accomplishments. However, be modest about them, you don't want to come across as a braggart. 'Selling yourself' is especially important for women since we are often trained early on to play down our accomplishments.

What do you do for fun: I love to hike and get out among the mountains and canyons of the Southwest. I also enjoy travelling to new locations and exploring their natural beauty and history. Reading is one way that I relax, as well as getting together and catching up with my friends.

If you were talking to a student interested in science and math or engineering, what advice would you give them: Take all the math, science and computer courses that you can in school. However, you will, also, need to have very good reading, writing and speaking skills to succeed in science and engineering. Foreign language skills are also important since scientists travel a lot and collaborate with international colleagues. The scientific fields are becoming very interdisciplinary, so, don't just limit yourself to your major interest, take other courses which will help you expand your knowledge base. Planetary science is particularly broad, requiring knowledge about surface geological processes, atmospheric dynamics, chemical reactions, various aspects of geophysics and conditions conducive to biological activity. ω.

Whatever Your Field of Work and Wherever in the World You are, Please, Make a Choice to Do All You Can to Seek and Demand the End of Death Penalty For It is Your Business What is Done in Your Name. The Law That Makes Humans Take Part in Taking Human Lives and That Permits and Kills Human Lives is No Law. It is the Rule of the Jungle Where Law Does Not Exist. The Humanion

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Scott Kelly ISS Now UN Champion for Space

Astronaut Scott Kelly the United Nations Champion for Space, left and Director of the UN Office for
Outer Space Affairs:UNOOSA, Simonetta Di Pippo. Image: UNOOSA

|| November 21: 2016 || ά. As part of a high-level United Nations forum under way in the United Arab Emirates, aimed at exploring the role of space in socio-economic and sustainable development, the UN appoints astronaut Scott Kelly as ‘United Nations Champion for Space.’ The High-Level Forum on Space as a Driver for Socio-Economic Sustainable Development, which opened in Dubai yesterday and runs through Thursday, November 24, brings together more than 100 participants including heads of space agencies, government representatives, astronauts and academics.

“It’s an honour to be the first person to be able to serve in this role, to be an advocate for space flight and how important it is to our species, to our future, to our economies around the world; how it gives us this unique place that is a common ground where all countries can come together and do something for the common good of us all.” he told UN News Centre. Over the next two years, Mr. Kelly, known for his 'year in space', will help the UN promote space as a tool for achieving the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals:SDGs.

In a message sent to the gathering, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, his message was delivered by Under-Secretary-General and High Representative for Disarmament Affairs, Kim Wonsoo, said, “The application of space science and technology is essential to the advancement of humankind and the successful implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.”

The Forum has been organised by the UN Office for Outer Space Affairs:UNOOSA, the Vienna-based UN entity promoting international co-operation in the peaceful use and exploration of space, in partnership with the United Arab Emirates:UAE Space Agency. Also, speaking at the opening, UNOOSA Director Simonetta Di Pippo described the gathering as 'a great opportunity' to focus on the potential of space technology and innovations for addressing new and emerging sustainable development challenges.

“This Forum is indeed a great start to the process of enhancing the co-operation and co-ordination of our community, and expanding to other users communities, with a particular focus on the space sector for the economy, society and development of all nations.” she said. Throughout its five-day run, the Forum will consist of panel discussions, round tables and presentations organised around four themes: space economy, space society, space accessibility and space diplomacy.

It is the also the first in a series of three forums ahead of UNISPACE+50 in June 2018, marking the 50th anniversary of the first United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. The first day of Forum also saw the appointment of former astronaut Scott Kelly of the United States as the UN Champion for Space. Mr. Kelly holds the record for the most cumulative number of days spent in space by an American astronaut on board the International Space Station.

“We are thrilled and honoured to have Mr. Kelly's support as United Nations Champion for Space. In this role, Mr. Kelly will combine his demonstrated passion for making our world a better place with his expertise and experience in space. I look forward to working with Mr. Kelly to bring global attention to the important role that space can play in sustainable development.” said Ms. Di Pippo.

The Champion for Space role is based on the UN Messengers of Peace model, whereby distinguished individuals agree to help focus worldwide attention on the work of the UN. Other prominent UN Messengers of Peace include actor Leonardo DiCaprio for climate change, primatologist and anthropologist Jane Goodall for conservation, and singer Stevie Wonder for persons with disabilities. ω.

Whatever Your Field of Work and Wherever in the World You are, Please, Make a Choice to Do All You Can to Seek and Demand the End of Death Penalty For It is Your Business What is Done in Your Name. The Law That Makes Humans Take Part in Taking Human Lives and That Permits and Kills Human Lives is No Law. It is the Rule of the Jungle Where Law Does Not Exist. The Humanion

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Imagine and You are Asgardia as The Sampohumana Peacevarsana When I close my eyes the Universe opens her eyes inside my Soul and when I open them I find her all a-bloom a-joy-awe Before my tearful eyes and I call out: O My Joy O Universana: October 12 O boundless multitudes of magical maya's interlink-weaving   Then you hear her speak only in emerald silence that says O Nata la ciela universidad one that is the other O serenity hear O liberty endless in spectrum boundless in measure fathomless In reach but you go to see what infinities a-run for you to seek: October 13 Munayem Mayenin: The Humanion

 

 

 

Imagine and You Are Asgardia: We are Imaginarians Who Work, Learn, Make, Create and Live the Music of Peace

When I close my eyes the Universe opens her eyes inside my Soul and when I open them I find her all a-bloom a-joy-awe Before my tearful eyes and I call out: O My Joy O Universana Munayem Mayenin: The Humanion

|| October 12: 2016: Universana: The Lake Eden Eye: Sampohumana Peacevarsana: The Earth: Paris: France || ά. Imagine and You Are Asgardia: We are Imaginarians Who Work, Learn, Make, Create and Live the Music of Peace. Plans announced today at a press conference in Paris to create the first new Space Nation to be called ‘Asgardia’. The name derives from Norse mythology as the city of the skies ruled by Odin from Valhalla. The craft's name relates to Norse Mythology and Odin and it would remind you of the mythical Sampo that we read in the Finnish Epic Kalevala. Hence, The Humanion names Asgardia as Sampohumana Peacevarsana: Imagine and you are. And Let us imagine the best possible prospects of humans' being, becoming and creating: for light, for learning and knowledge to support, promote, nurture, foster, advance, enhance, empower and take forward humanity, human endeavour and make our mark on the Universe with and by the peace of Beethoven and joy of Sibelius and Tagore and Homer and Marquez and Tolstoy and Shakespeare and Steinbeck and Maya Angelou.

The first Asgardia satellite is planned to be launched in Autumn 2017, sixty years after the first ever satellite launch, and will mark a new era in the Space Age as the satellite will be independent of any current nation state on Earth: the satellite will comprise the nation itself, creating its own legal framework, flag and other symbols of nationhood. The project team is being led by Dr Igor Ashurbeyli, one of the Russian Federation's most distinguished scientists and founder of the Aerospace International Research Center:AIRC in Vienna. In a separate event in Paris yesterday he became the chairman of UNESCO’s ‘Science of Space’ committee. Dr Ashurbeyli has consulted a group of globally renowned scientists, engineers, entrepreneurs and legal experts on the development of the concept.

Dr Ashburbeyli said: “The project's concept comprises three parts, philosophical, legal and scientific:technological. Asgardia is a fully-fledged and independent nation, and a future member of the United Nations, with all the attributes this status entails. “The essence of Asgardia is Peace in Space, and the prevention of Earth’s conflicts being transferred into space.

Asgardia is also unique from a philosophical aspect, to serve entire humanity and each and everyone, regardless of his or her personal welfare and the prosperity of the country where they happened to be born. The scientific and technological component of the project can be explained in just three words, peace, access and protection. The scientific and technological envelope of Asgardia is a space arena for the scientific creativity of its citizens and companies in developing a broad range of future space technologies, products and services for humanity on Earth and humanity in Space.”

The launch of the first Asgardia satellite is planned for 2017, with the project developing from there. Access to space is opening up, but the process remains slow and is tightly controlled by states on earth, restricting commerce and scientific developments in space by private enterprise. Of the 196 nation states on Earth, just thirteen, USSR, USA, France, Japan, China, UK, India, Russia, Ukraine, Israel, Iran, South Korea and North Korea and one regional organisation, the European Space Agency:ESA have independently launched satellites on their own indigenously developed launch vehicles.

Professor David Alexander, Director of the Rice Space Institute at Rice University, Houston, Texas said: “As low-earth orbit becomes more accessible, what’s often called the “democratisation” of space, a pathway is opening up to new ideas and approaches from a rich diversity of participants. The mission of Asgardia to create opportunities for broader access to space, enabling non-traditional space nations to realise their scientific aspirations is exciting.”

Under current international space law, including the widely adopted ‘Outer Space Treaty’, states are required to authorise and supervise national space activities, including the activities of commercial and not-for-profit organisations. Objects launched into space are subject to their nation of belonging and if a nation launches an object into space, that nation is responsible for any damage that occurs internationally and in outer space.

The project is creating a new framework for ownership and nationhood in space, which will adapt current outer space laws governing responsibility, private ownership and enterprise so they are fit for purpose in the new era of space exploration. By creating a new Space Nation, private enterprise, innovation and the further development of space technology to support humanity will flourish free from the tight restrictions of state control that currently exists.

Professor Ram Jakhu, Director, Institute of Air and Space Law at McGill University, Montreal, Canada said: “An appropriate and unique global space legal regime is indispensable for governing outer space in order to ensure it is explored on a sustainable basis for exclusively peaceful purposes and to the benefit of all humanity, including future generations living on planet earth and in outer space. The development of foundational principles of such a legal regime ought to take place at the same time as technological progress is being made.”

One of the early developments planned by the Asgardia team will be the creation of a advanced protective shield for all humankind from cosmic manmade and natural threats to life on earth such as space debris, coronal mass ejections and asteroid collisions. There are estimated to be more than 20,000 traceable objects of man-made space debris:MSD including non-active spacecraft, upper-stage rockets and final stage vehicles as well as fragments of craft that potentially pose a dangerous situation in near-Earth orbits. The impact of the Chelyabinsk meteorite which crashed over a major Russian town as recently as 2013, injuring 1100 people and damaging 4000 buildings, is a reminder of the threat that natural objects pose to life on the planet.

Whilst steps have already been taken by the UN through the International Asteroid Warning Network:IAWN and the Space Mission Planning Advisory Group:SMPAG to identify potentially hazardous scenarios, Asgardia will build on these developments to help offer a more comprehensive mechanism.

Dr. Joseph N. Pelton, former Dean, International Space University, Strasbourg, France said: “The Asgardia project, among other things, may help prepare better answers to the future governance of outer space, a topic of major concern to the United Nations. The exciting aspect of this initiative is its three phase approach to providing broader access to space; promoting peace in outer space; and addressing cosmic hazards and planetary defence.”

The Asgardia Project Team will comprise a collaborative, multi-disciplinary effort from leading experts around the globe which it is envisaged will grow over time as the project evolves. But as well as expert involvement in the project, Asgardia is looking to capture the wider public imagination by crowd-sourcing key aspects of the project including involving members of the public in competitions to help design the nation’s flag, insignia and other symbols of nationhood.

To coincide with the press conference, a website with further details about the project and public involvement was also launched today at www.asgardia.space, including details of competitions open to the public across the world to help design the nation’s flag, insignia and anthem. In addition, the site will allow the first 100,000 people to register to become citizens of Asgardia alongside their nationality on earth.

Aerospace International Research Centre:AIRC: The Aerospace International Research Center, GmbH was established in 2013. It is comprised of an international team that has extensive experience working in the high-tech industry, in large and small start-ups from all over the world including USA, Germany, Russia, Ukraine, Switzerland, Israel, South Korea, India, China, Brazil. AIRC is based in Vienna, where the headquarters of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space are also located. It publishes a regular space journal, ROOM, a discussion platform for scientists, engineers and space industry leaders.

Dr Igor Ashurbeyli: Dr Igor Ashurbeyli is a scientist, businessman and innovator who holds a PhD in Engineering with a specialisation in Computer Science. In 1988, he founded Socium which today has over 10,000 employees and 30 companies worldwide. Its slogan "Per Socium Ad Astra" emphasises the need for community and cooperation in humanity's path towards the stars and our continued exploration of space. In 2010, he was awarded Russia's State Science & Technology Prize, given to him for achievements in the development and use of a new generation of micro-technology communications systems. The State Science & Technology Prize is the highest honour a Russian scientist can achieve. In 2013, he founded the Aerospace International Research Centre:AIRC in Vienna, Austria. On February 05, 2016, Ashurbeyli was awarded the UNESCO Medal for contributions to the development of nanoscience and nanotechnologies during a ceremony held at UNESCO headquarters, Paris, and on October 11, 2016, he became chairman of UNESCO’s ‘Science of Space’ committee.

The Humanion We are One: ω.  

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September Universana

 

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The Sprite in the Polaris Flare

 

|| September 01: 2016 || ά. This image from ESA’s Planck satellite appears to show something quite ethereal and fantastical: a sprite-like figure emerging from scorching flames and walking towards the left of the frame, its silhouette a blaze of warm-hued colours. This fiery illusion is actually a celestial feature named the Polaris Flare. This name is somewhat misleading; despite its moniker, the Polaris Flare is not a flare but a 10 light-year-wide bundle of dusty filaments in the constellation of Ursa Minor, The Little Bear, some 500 light-years away.

The Polaris Flare is located near the North Celestial Pole, a perceived point in the sky aligned with Earth’s spin axis. Extended into the skies of the northern and southern hemispheres, this imaginary line points to the two celestial poles. To find the North Celestial Pole, an observer need only locate the nearby Polaris (otherwise known as the North Star or Pole Star), the brightest star in the constellation of Ursa Minor.

Some of the secrets of the Polaris Flare were uncovered when it was observed by ESA’s Herschel some years ago. Using a combination of such Herschel observations and a computer simulation, scientists think that the Polaris Flare filaments could have been formed as a result of slow shockwaves pushing their way through a dense interstellar cloud, an accumulation of cold cosmic dust and gas sitting between the stars of our Galaxy.

These shockwaves, reminiscent of the sonic booms formed by fast sound waves here on Earth, would have been themselves triggered by nearby exploding stars that disrupted their surroundings as they died, triggering cloud-wide waves of turbulence. These shockwaves, reminiscent of the sonic booms formed by fast sound waves here on Earth, were themselves triggered by nearby exploding stars that disrupted their surroundings as they died, triggering cloud-wide waves of turbulence. These waves swept up the gas and dust in their path, sculpting the material into the snaking filaments we see.

This image is not a true-colour view, nor is it an artistic impression of the Flare, rather it comprises observations from Planck, which operated between 2009 and 2013. Planck scanned and mapped the entire sky, including the plane of the Milky Way, looking for signs of ancient light (known as the cosmic microwave background) and cosmic dust emission. This dust emission allowed Planck to create this unique map of the sky, a magnetic map.

The relief lines laced across this image show the average direction of our Galaxy’s magnetic field in the region containing the Polaris Flare. This was created using the observed emission from cosmic dust, which was polarised, constrained to one direction. Dust grains in and around the Milky Way are affected by and interlaced with the Galaxy’s magnetic field, causing them to align preferentially in space. This carries through to the dust’s emission, which also displays a preferential orientation that Planck could detect.

The emission from dust is computed from a combination of Planck observations at 353, 545 and 857 GHz, whereas the direction of the magnetic field is based on Planck polarisation data at 353 GHz. This frame has an area of 30 x 30º on the sky, and the colours represent the intensity of dust emission.

About Planck: Planck will help provide answers to some of the most important questions in modern science: how did the Universe begin, how did it evolve to the state we observe today, and how will it continue to evolve in the future? Planck's objective is to analyse, with the highest accuracy ever achieved, the remnants of the radiation that filled the Universe immediately after the Big Bang - this we observe today as the Cosmic Microwave Background. ω.

Image: ESA and the Planck Collaboration

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Kitchen Smoke Molecules in Nebula Offer Clues to the Building Blocks of Life

|| August 16: 2016 || ά. Using data collected by NASA’s Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy:SOFIA and other observatories, an international team of researchers has studied how a particular type of organic molecules, the raw materials for life, could develop in space. This information could help scientists better understand how life could have developed on Earth.

Bavo Croiset of Leiden University in the Netherlands and his collaborators focused on a type of molecule called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons:PAHs, which are flat molecules consisting of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb pattern, surrounded by hydrogen. PAHs make up about 10 percent of the carbon in the universe, and are found on the Earth where they are released upon the burning of organic material such as meat, sugarcane, wood etc.

Croiset’s team determined that when PAHs in the nebula NGC 7023, also known as the Iris Nebula, are hit by ultraviolet radiation from the nebula’s central star, they evolve into larger, more complex molecules. Scientists hypothesise that the growth of complex organic molecules like PAHs is one of the steps leading to the emergence of life. Some existing models predicted that the radiation from a newborn, nearby massive star would tend to break down large organic molecules into smaller ones, rather than build them up. To test these models, researchers wanted to estimate the size of the molecules at various locations relative to the central star.

Croiset’s team used SOFIA to observe Nebula NGC 7023 with two instruments, the FLITECAM near-infrared camera and the FORCAST mid-infrared camera. SOFIA’s instruments are sensitive to two wavelengths that are produced by these particular molecules, which can be used to estimate their size. The team analyzed the SOFIA images in combination with data previously obtained by the Spitzer infrared space observatory, the Hubble Space Telescope and the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope on the Big Island of Hawaii.

The analysis indicates that the size of the PAH molecules in this nebula vary by location in a clear pattern. The average size of the molecules in the nebula’s central cavity, surrounding the illuminating star, is larger than on the surface of the cloud at the outer edge of the cavity.

In a paper published in Astronomy and Astrophysics, The team concluded that this molecular size variation is due both to some of the smallest molecules being destroyed by the harsh ultraviolet radiation field of the star, and to medium-sized molecules being irradiated so they combine into larger molecules. Researchers were surprised to find that the radiation resulted in net growth, rather than destruction.

“The success of these observations depended on both SOFIA’s ability to observe wavelengths inaccessible from the ground, and the large size of its telescope, which provided a more detailed map than would have been possible with smaller telescopes,” said Olivier Berné at CNRS, the National Centre for Scientific Research in Toulouse, France, one of the published paper’s co-authors.

Dr. Dana Backman: SOFIA Science Centre, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California

Kassandra Bell: SOFIA Science Center, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California

:Editor: Kassandra Bell:NASA: ω.

Caption of the Inside Image: Combination of three colour images of NGC 7023 from SOFIA, red & green, and Spitzer, blue, show different populations of PAH molecules. Image: NASA:DLR:SOFIA:B. Croiset, Leiden Observatory, and O. Berné, CNRS; NASA:JPL-Caltech:Spitzer.

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Lead If You Can Imagine: Follow Never You Do

|| June 25: 2016 || Love's Unity's Truth: LUT: Or Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland: A University that takes away the 'pen' of your mind is the place from where you run away as fast as far away as you can for it is going to strangle you.

But the one that offers to supply ink and paper to the 'pen' of your mind is the one where you stay to seek and search and ask and wonder and go and create, hear, reach and touch and become love's unity's truth: LUT.

In translation, it is this: if you are one tiny little insignificant variable, that we all are like, in the almost infinite grid of this universe, where an almost infinite number of perpetually changing variables responding to an infinite musical exposition or algorithm that we would never be able to understand or grasp fully and you locate, reach and find yourself at the very place and position where that variable, that's your or I,  ought to be and you just fit in there perfectly and you are now at home of the equilibrium of being one with the whole and only than....

Only than you can hear the music of that equilibrium, of being one with the whole: that is the music of Sibelius: being one with the whole so that one hears the infinite music that one cannot quite fit in the 8th Symphony.

Thus having played some of it he realises it is NOTHING like what he had heard! And there goes the 8th Symphony to the fire!

And hence, here is for Love's Unity's Truth: LUT: Lappeenranta University of Technology: technology is the river on which the boat of creation, that is to say, what we can do, create and become through our imagination and ingenuity, the sampo. That's the sampo and it sails away on that river made of Ilmarinen's hands and that's where it runs on. ω.

Image: University of Lappeeenranta

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Vastitas Borealis Mearthcardiana

 

 

Original Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Arizona State University: Posted on May 09, 2016 in The Sunnara:  
Crater Dunes on the Floor of an Unnamed Martian Crater in Vastitas Borealis

|| May 08: 2016 || We made this from the original image, as stated above, and acknowledge the source. And here, we present our Vastitas Borealis Mearthcardiana.

Soren Kierkegaard: '' It is said of certain plants that they must form hearts; the same must be said of man's (human's) love; if it is really to bear fruit and consequently be recognisable by its fruits it must form a heart, love, to be sure, proceeds from the heart, but let us not in our haste about this forget the eternal truth that love forms the heart. Every man (human) experiences the transient excitements of an inconstant heart, but to have a heart in this natural sense is infinitely different from forming a heart in the eternal sense. How rarely the eternal gets enough control of over a man (human) so that the love establishes itself in him (her) eternally or forms his (her) heart. Yet it is essential condition for bearing love's own fruit by which it is known.'': Love's Hidden Life: Works of Love: Soren Kiekegaard. Translation: Howard and Edna Hong.
 

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The Humanion Saturn   O Enceladus! What a Dew Drop You are of Saturn! This image of Saturn with that dew drop Enceladus has been created using an Image of NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute. And we call this Saturn, The Humanion Saturn where we have four instances of the dew drop of Enceladus being present. ‽: 030516

Mars Beautiful Gale Crater This magnificent piece of work is done by Mother Nature on Mars. P: February 15, 2016: Image Released on June 19, 2015: Minerals at Gale Crater: Curiosity's Home: Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Arizona State University