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Mathematics
+01+:-01:=0: Therefore, Zero Contains Both
the Possibilities of All the Positive Numbers and Negative
Numbers, Including, the Hypothetical + and - Infinity:
Mathematically, Therefore, Everything Arises Out of This Zero,
That Contains Infinity Itself: In Humanics, We Call This Zero
Imagination: For Humanity Is and Does Arise Out of This Infinity
of Imagination: Imagine and Bring About Your Imagination,
Ingenuity, Creativity and Empathy Onto the Real and See What
Infinity Humanity Is and What Infinity It Can Be and Do: And
Parallel Imagination Ingenuity, Creativity and Empathy with
Connectedness, Bond, Compassion and Love in the Existence and
State of Humanity and See and Show the Universe That She Has Got
a Parallel and Resonating Equal-Awe Residing in Humanity:
Regine Humanics Foundation Ltd |

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Mathematical Medicine Or Medicinal Mathematics: How the Power of
Mathematics Can Help Assess Lung Function |
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|| May 12: 2018: University
of Southampton News || ά. Researchers at the
University of Southampton have developed a new
computational way of analysing X-ray images of
lungs, which could herald a breakthrough in the
diagnosis and assessment of Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease:COPD and other lung diseases.
A multi-disciplinary team of mathematicians,
clinicians, and image specialists from three of
the University faculties has devised a method
for numerically describing the complicated
three-dimensional structure of the lung using
topology, a branch of mathematics designed,
specifically, for the study of complex shapes.
Utilising a combination of computed tomography
CT:scans, high-performance computing and
algorithms, the researchers computed numerical
characteristics, in three dimensions, of the
entire bronchial trees of 64 patients
categorised in four different groups: healthy
non-smokers, healthy smokers, patients with
moderate COPD and patients with mild COPD. COPD
is a complex lung condition, that involves, to
various degrees, the airways or the bronchi and
the lung tissue or alveoli; this results in a
progressive loss of lung function.
It affects more than 200 million
people worldwide, middle-aged or older adults, mainly,
those, who have had significant exposure to cigarette
smoke. It is the fourth leading cause of death
worldwide. The research team analysed such features as
the structure and size of the bronchial tree, the length
and direction of its branches and the comparative
changes in shape during deep inhalation and full
exhalation. They found that, typically, a larger, more
complex tree indicates better lung function and a
smaller distorted tree, poorer lung function.
The researchers found that their new method was able to
accurately distinguish between the different groups of
patients, the characteristics of their lung function and
the different stages of their condition. It was able to
identify characteristics not detectable to the naked
eye.
Furthermore, they hope that repeating this method across
a much larger database of images and combining it with
other data could lead to the real-world development of a
valuable clinical tool for the early diagnosis of
conditions like COPD and asthma, providing a more
accurate way of identifying the severity of an
individual patient’s condition.
Lead Researcher and Professor in Mathematics Professor
Jacek Brodzki, of the University of Southampton, says,
“Until now, the severity of lung conditions has been
assessed by using a spirometer, a device, which measures
the force and amount of air a patient can exhale and
two-dimensional CT images, assessed by expert
specialists, who have extensive experience of examining
and interpreting CT imagery and using relatively simple
measures of lung density and bronchial wall thickness.
Our study shows that this new method, employing
topological data analysis, can complement and expand on
established techniques to give a valuable, accurate
range of information about the lung function of
individuals. Further research is needed but this could
eventually aid decisions about the treatment of patients
with serious, or potentially serious, lung conditions.”
Professor of Medicine at the University of Southampton
and NIHR Senior Investigator, Professor Ratko Djukanović,
said, ''This method is a major advance in our ability to
study the structural abnormalities of COPD, a complex
disease, that affects so many people and, sadly, results
in significant morbidity and mortality.
The image analysis method developed by our University’s
mathematicians is the first to apply the field of
topology in lung diseases and one of only a handful of
studies of this kind in medicine in general. Southampton
is a great place for collaborative research of this
kind, so we look forward to working further with our
mathematician colleagues to develop this method for use
in routine clinical care.”
Professor Joy Conway, of Heath Sciences at Southampton,
said, “This study is a unique collaboration between
clinicians and mathematicians, which gives us new
insight into the interpretation of this kind of CT scan
data. With further research, it holds great promise for
improving patient treatment in the future.”
The paper Lung Topology Characteristics in patients with
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is published in
the journal Nature Scientific Reports.
The study was carried out by University of Southampton
academics Dr Francisco Belchi, Dr Mariam Pirashvili and
Professor Jacek Brodzki, Lead of Mathematics. Also, Dr
Michael Bennett and Professor Joy Conway of Health
Sciences and Professor Ratko Djukanović of Medicine. It
was supported by the EPSRC ::: ω.
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Readmore || ‽: 120518 ||
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For Stories Published in Mathematics in
Year Gamma are Arkived in Year Gamma Arkive
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Ada Lovelace The Origin of
Computing

She was
the daughter of Poet Lord Byron but she found her poetry in
Mathematics and Sciences |
Maria Agnesi

A True Mathematician
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The need to measure in Mathematics
expresses the universal human mindset and necessity of
seeking to understand; both quantitatively and
qualitatively. In order to measure one needs both numbers
and yardstick; Mathematics works with vary many classes of
numbers, their values, their places, their positions, their
spaces, their relations and their interactions, shapes and
sizes, qualities and quantities, concepts and objects,
relations, derivations, functions, ratios, accelerations,
decelerations, magnitude, multitude and so on and so forth
and can offer systems and mechanism to measure so to offer
understanding for us so that we are able to navigate in the
reality, that is much more bewilderingly complex than it
otherwise, might, appear to us. The best of understanding,
that Mathematics offers is this: no matter how 'endless a
multiplex of complexities' the Universe appears to be it is
very simple in one way: it follows laws at all times
unfailingly and, Mathematics seeks those laws out and they
are the tools, that offer us the ability to do our day
'craft' to 'craft' a life and living so that we can build
houses and ships, rockets and international space stations,
build and fly aeroplanes, build and navigate ships and make
machines, that help us do what otherwise we can not. |
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